Plain English Meaning
The official book where a pilot writes down every flight and lesson, and where instructors sign off that the pilot has met the requirements to take a test or fly solo. It's the proof of what you've done and what you're allowed to do.
Full Definition
A permanent written record in which a pilot or aircraft owner enters required information about flight time, training, endorsements, aircraft maintenance, or inspections. For pilots, the logbook records flights, training received, solo time, cross-country time, instrument time, and instructor endorsements used to demonstrate eligibility for certificates, ratings, and currency requirements under the applicable regulations.