Plain English Meaning
A camera-and-display system that lets the pilot see through fog, haze, or darkness by showing a live infrared or sensor image of what's outside, projected in front of the pilot. It is approved for use on instrument approaches so the pilot can fly lower in poor visibility than they could with their eyes alone.
Full Definition
An installed aircraft system that uses imaging sensors -- typically infrared, low-light, or millimeter-wave -- to display a real-time, sensor-derived image of the external scene on a head-up display or equivalent pilot-viewable display, allowing the pilot to see runway environment features in low-visibility conditions that would not be visible with the unaided eye. EFVS is approved under specific to allow operations to below the published when defined are seen on the EFVS image.