Definition
LPV is a type of GPS-based instrument approach that uses the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) to provide both lateral course guidance with localizer-like precision and vertical glidepath guidance to a published decision altitude. It is classified as an approach with vertical guidance (APV) and can have minimums as low as 200 feet above the runway, comparable to a Category I ILS, but does not require any ground-based navigation equipment at the airport.
Plain English
LPV is a satellite-based approach that gives the pilot a precise left-right course and a top-down glidepath all the way down to landing minimums, without needing radio beacons on the ground.
Context Anchor
You will see LPV on instrument approach charts, usually as a line of approved landing minimums for an RNAV (GPS) approach.
Derivation
The name describes what the approach delivers. 'Localizer Performance' means the lateral guidance is as tight and accurate as a traditional ILS localizer. 'Vertical Guidance' means a computed glidepath is provided, similar to an ILS glideslope. Put together: it performs like an ILS, but it is generated from GPS and WAAS instead of ground transmitters.
Why Pilots Care
LPV minimums are frequently lower than other GPS approaches, allowing pilots to complete landings in weather that would otherwise force a missed approach.
Intuition Check
LPV does not mean there is an actual localizer transmitter on the ground. It means the GPS-based guidance performs like localizer-style guidance and also gives a vertical path.
Example Sentence 1
With WAAS installed and operational, we briefed the LPV approach to Runway 16 and used the 250-foot decision altitude.
Example Sentence 2
After receiving clearance, the crew flew the LPV glidepath displayed on the moving map.